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Project Euler

Common Functions and Routines for Project Euler

Common functions and helpful tools used to solve problems in Project Euler:
Downloadable source: Euler.py source

A set of routines used to help solve math problems. Euler.py is included as needed. The example below shows typical Python usage:

from Euler import is_prime, is_perm

Here is the contents of Euler.py

from math import sqrt, ceil
import random
import itertools

fact = (1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880)

def factorial(n): return reduce(lambda x,y:x*y,range(1,n+1),1)

def is_perm(a,b): return sorted(str(a))==sorted(str(b))

def is_palindromic(n): n=str(n); return n==n[::-1]

def is_pandigital(n, s=9): n=str(n); return len(n)==s and not '1234567890'[:s].strip(n)

#--- Calculate the sum of proper divisors for n--------------------------------------------------
def d(n):
    s = 1
    t = sqrt(n)
    for i in range(2, int(t)+1):
        if n % i == 0: s += i + n/i
    if t == int(t): s -= t    #correct s if t is a perfect square
    return s

#--- Create a list of all palindromic numbers with k digits--------------------------------------
def pal_list(k):
    if k == 1:
        return [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    return [sum([n*(10**i) for i,n in enumerate(([x]+list(ys)+[z]+list(ys)[::-1]+[x]) if k%2
                                else ([x]+list(ys)+list(ys)[::-1]+[x]))])
            for x in range(1,10)
            for ys in itertools.product(range(10), repeat=k/2-1)
            for z in (range(10) if k%2 else (None,))]


#--- sum of factorial's digits-------------------------------------------------------------------
def sof_digits(n):
    if n==0: return 1
    s = 0
    while n > 0:
        s, n = s + fact[n % 10], n // 10
    return s

#--- find the nth Fibonacci number--------------------------------------------------------------- def fibonacci(n): """ Find the nth number in the Fibonacci series. Example: >>>fibonacci(100) 354224848179261915075 Algorithm & Python source: Copyright (c) 2013 Nayuki Minase Fast doubling Fibonacci algorithm http://nayuki.eigenstate.org/page/fast-fibonacci-algorithms """ if n < 0: raise ValueError("Negative arguments not implemented") return _fib(n)[0] # Returns a tuple (F(n), F(n+1)) def _fib(n): if n == 0: return (0, 1) else: a, b = _fib(n // 2) c = a * (2 * b - a) d = b * b + a * a if n % 2 == 0: return (c, d) else: return (d, c + d)
#--- sum of squares of digits------------------------------------------------------------------- def sos_digits(n): s = 0 while n > 0: s, n = s + (n % 10)**2, n // 10 return s #--- sum of the digits to a power e------------------------------------------------------------- def pow_digits(n, e): s = 0 while n > 0: s, n = s + (n % 10)**e, n // 10 return s
#--- check n for prime-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def is_prime(n): if n <= 1: return False if n <= 3: return True if n%2==0 or n%3 == 0: return False r = int(sqrt(n)) f = 5 while f <= r: if n%f == 0 or n%(f+2) == 0: return False f+= 6 return True
#--- Miller-Rabin primality test---------------------------------------------------------------- def miller_rabin(n): """ Check n for primalty: Example: >miller_rabin(162259276829213363391578010288127) #Mersenne prime #11 True Algorithm & Python source: http://en.literateprograms.org/Miller-Rabin_primality_test_(Python) """ d = n - 1 s = 0 while d % 2 == 0: d >>= 1 s += 1 for repeat in range(20): a = 0 while a == 0: a = random.randrange(n) if not miller_rabin_pass(a, s, d, n): return False return True def miller_rabin_pass(a, s, d, n): a_to_power = pow(a, d, n) if a_to_power == 1: return True for i in range(s-1): if a_to_power == n - 1: return True a_to_power = (a_to_power * a_to_power) % n return a_to_power == n - 1
#--- factor a number into primes and frequency---------------------------------------------------- """ find the prime factors of n along with their frequencies. Example: >>> factor(786456) [(2,3), (3,3), (11,1), (331,1)] Source: Project Euler forums for problem #3 """ def factor(n): f, factors, prime_gaps = 1, [], [2, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4] if n < 1: return [] while True: for gap in ([1, 1, 2, 2, 4] if f < 11 else prime_gaps): f += gap if f * f > n: # If f > sqrt(n) if n == 1: return factors else: return factors + [(n, 1)] if not n % f: e = 1 n //= f while not n % f: n //= f e += 1 factors.append((f, e))
#--- greatest common divisor---------------------------------------------------------------------- def gcd(a, b): """ Compute the greatest common divisor of a and b. Examples: >>> gcd(14, 15) #co-prime 1 >>> gcd(5*5, 3*5) 5 """ while b != 0: (a, b) = (b, a % b) return a
#--- generate permutations----------------------------------------------------------------------- def perm(n, s): """ requires function factorial() Find the nth permutation of the string s. Example: >>>perm(30, 'abcde') bcade """ if len(s)==1: return s q, r = divmod(n, factorial(len(s)-1)) return s[q] + perm(r, s[:q] + s[q+1:])
#--- binomial coefficients----------------------------------------------------------------------- def binomial(n, k): """ Calculate C(n,k), the number of ways can k be chosen from n. Example: >>>binomial(30,12) 86493225 """ nt = 1 for t in range(min(k, n-k)): nt = nt * (n-t) // (t+1) return nt
#--- catalan number------------------------------------------------------------------------------ def catalan_number(n): """ Calculate the nth Catalan number. Example: >>>catalan_number(10) 16796 """ nm = dm = 1 for k in range(2, n+1): nm, dm = (nm*(n+k), dm*k) return nm / dm
#--- generate prime numbers---------------------------------------------------------------------- def prime_sieve(n): """ Return a list of prime numbers from 2 to a prime < n. Very fast (n<10,000,000) in 0.4 sec. Example: >>>prime_sieve(25) [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23] Algorithm & Python source: Robert William Hanks http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17773352/python-sieve-prime-numbers """ sieve = [True] * (n/2) for i in range(3,int(n**0.5)+1,2): if sieve[i//2]: sieve[i*i//2::i] = [False] * ((n-i*i-1)//(2*i)+1) return [2] + [2*i+1 for i in range(1,n//2) if sieve[i]]
#--- bezout coefficients-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def bezout(a,b): """ Bézout coefficients (u,v) of (a,b) as: a*u + b*v = gcd(a,b) Result is the tuple: (u, v, gcd(a,b)). Examples: >>> bezout(7*3, 15*3) (-2, 1, 3) >>> bezout(24157817, 39088169) #sequential Fibonacci numbers (-14930352, 9227465, 1) Algorithm source: Pierre L. Douillet http://www.douillet.info/~douillet/working_papers/bezout/node2.html """ u, v, s, t = 1, 0, 0, 1 while b !=0: q, r = divmod(a,b) a, b = b, r u, s = s, u - q*s v, t = t, v - q*t return (u, v, a) #--- number base conversion ------------------------------------------------------------------- #source: http://interactivepython.org/runestone/static/pythonds/Recursion/pythondsConvertinganIntegertoaStringinAnyBase.html def dec2base(n,base): convertString = "0123456789ABCDEF" if n < base: return convertString[n] else: return dec2base(n//base,base) + convertString[n%base] #--- number to words ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- #this function copied from stackoverflow user: Developer, Oct 5 '13 at 3:45 def n2words(num,join=True): '''words = {} convert an integer number into words''' units = ['','One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven','Eight','Nine'] teens = ['','Eleven','Twelve','Thirteen','Fourteen','Fifteen','Sixteen', \ 'Seventeen','Eighteen','Nineteen'] tens = ['','Ten','Twenty','Thirty','Forty','Fifty','Sixty','Seventy', \ 'Eighty','Ninety'] thousands = ['','Thousand','Million','Billion','Trillion','Quadrillion', \ 'Quintillion','Sextillion','Septillion','Octillion', \ 'Nonillion','Decillion','Undecillion','Duodecillion', \ 'Tredecillion','Quattuordecillion','Sexdecillion', \ 'Septendecillion','Octodecillion','Novemdecillion', \ 'Vigintillion'] words = [] if num==0: words.append('zero') else: numStr = '%d'%num numStrLen = len(numStr) groups = (numStrLen+2)/3 numStr = numStr.zfill(groups*3) for i in range(0,groups*3,3): h,t,u = int(numStr[i]),int(numStr[i+1]),int(numStr[i+2]) g = groups-(i/3+1) if h>=1: words.append(units[h]) words.append('Hundred') if t>1: words.append(tens[t]) if u>=1: words.append(units[u]) elif t==1: if u>=1: words.append(teens[u]) else: words.append(tens[t]) else: if u>=1: words.append(units[u]) if (g>=1) and ((h+t+u)>0): words.append(thousands[g]+'') if join: return ' '.join(words) return words

Discussion

9 Responses to “Common Functions and Routines for Project Euler”

  1. Hey Mike, not sure if you still check this site but I’ll give it a shot regardless.
    First of all thanks for posting the solutions for Project Euler. Great to have solid solutions gathered in one place to compare mine against.

    I wanted to ask about the sof_digits(n) function.
    When using it, I get NameError and I haven’t been able to figure out which module I need to load, if any.
    I am using python 3.x

    Any help appreciated.
    Thanks

    Posted by Karan | March 7, 2020, 11:48 PM
    • Nevermind, figured it out.
      In case another stumbles into the same problem, fact is a list of the first few factorials up to 10!.
      fact = [0!, 1!, 2!,.. 9!, 10!]

      Posted by Karan | March 8, 2020, 1:40 PM
  2. I have only recently started learning Python and am delighted to have found this site, but am a little puzzled by the is_pandigital function.
    Why not simplify it to:

    def is_pandigital(n) :
    n = str(n)
    s = len(n)
    return not ‘1234567890’[:s].strip(n)

    It seems to worker all lengths of numbers, or have I missed something?

    Posted by Brian Goodwin | May 23, 2016, 4:16 AM
    • Hi Brian, glad you’re finding some useful stuff here and asking questions.

      The reason we check for length separately is for speed.

      The part of the ‘if’ statement before the ‘and’ is checked first and if it fails the second part is not evaluated.

      The second part gets temporally expensive when checking millions of numbers, some of which might not be the length we desire.

      So, yes, for certain applications your version is fine, but typically the one presented has evolved to solve the more general case.

      Posted by Mike Molony | May 23, 2016, 10:45 AM
  3. Does this work in python 3.x because I saw somethings and they don’t look familiar in python 3.x.

    Posted by Steve | March 20, 2016, 10:05 AM
  4. Can you please provide a source file for this? Copying and pasting it is causing indentation errors.

    Thanks

    Posted by Vishwesh | May 23, 2015, 7:58 PM

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